Exerkine classification
All 35 exerkines by translational tier and therapeutic domain. Search by name, tissue or pathway, filter by tier or domain, and select an exerkine to see its biology, therapeutic potential, evidence and references.
●Primary domain ○Established evidence ●tPrimary domain, therapeutic target for inhibition 4 Inverse exerkine
| Source tissue | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-6Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | 1 | Skeletal muscle (myokine) | ○ | ○ | — | — | ● | — |
| IGF-1Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) | 1 | Liver (hepatokine); local muscle | — | — | — | ● | — | — |
| VEGFVascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) | 1 | Skeletal muscle (myokine) | — | — | — | — | — | ● |
| BHBβ-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) | 1 | Liver (ketone body) | ● | — | — | — | — | — |
| NRG1Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) | 2 | Heart; skeletal muscle | ● | — | — | — | — | — |
| GDNFGlial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) | 2 | Skeletal muscle; spinal cord | — | — | ● | — | — | — |
| FollistatinFollistatin | 2 | Liver (hepatokine) | — | — | — | ● | — | — |
| Lac-PheN-lactoyl-phenylalanine (Lac-Phe) | 2 | Immune/epithelial cells (CNDP2 enzyme) | — | ● | — | — | — | — |
| GDF15Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) | 2 | Multi-tissue (stress-induced) | — | ● | — | — | — | — |
| BDNFBrain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) | 2 | Brain; skeletal muscle | — | — | ● | — | — | — |
| IC7FcIC7Fc (IL-6/CNTF chimeric cytokine) | 2 | Engineered (not natural) | ● | — | — | — | ○ | — |
| LactateLactate | 2 | Skeletal muscle (metabolite) | — | ● | — | — | — | ○ |
| KlothoKlotho | 2 | Kidney; brain choroid plexus | — | — | — | — | — | ● |
| IrisinIrisin (FNDC5 cleavage product) | 3 | Skeletal muscle (myokine) | — | ● | — | — | — | — |
| FSTL1Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) | 3 | Skeletal muscle; heart | ● | — | — | — | — | — |
| ELAELABELA (ELA) | 3 | Kidney (nephrokine) | ● | — | — | — | — | — |
| FractalkineFractalkine (CX3CL1) | 3 | Skeletal muscle; endothelial cells; neurons | — | — | — | — | ● | — |
| OmentinOmentin | 3 | Visceral adipose (adipokine) | — | ● | — | — | — | — |
| ApelinApelin | 3 | Adipose (adipokine); multi-tissue | ● | — | — | — | — | — |
| AdiponectinAdiponectin | 3 | White adipose (adipokine) | — | ● | — | — | — | — |
| DecorinDecorin | 3 | Skeletal muscle; ECM | — | — | — | ● | — | — |
| KYNAKynurenic Acid (KYNA) | 3 | Skeletal muscle (KAT-mediated) | — | — | ● | — | — | — |
| ClusterinClusterin (CLU; Apolipoprotein J) | 3 | Liver; muscle | — | — | ● | — | — | — |
| HSP72Heat Shock Protein 72 (HSP72) | 3 | Liver; skeletal muscle | — | — | — | — | ● | — |
| BAIBAβ-Aminoisobutyric Acid (BAIBA) | 3 | Skeletal muscle (myokine/metabolite) | — | ● | — | — | — | — |
| MyonectinMyonectin (CTRP15) | 4 | Skeletal muscle (myokine) | — | — | — | ● | — | — |
| LubricinLubricin (PRG4) | 4 | Synovial joint | — | — | — | ● | — | — |
| PF4Platelet Factor 4 (PF4; CXCL4) | 4 | Platelets | — | — | ● | — | — | — |
| TGF-β2Transforming Growth Factor-β2 (TGF-β2) | 4 | Adipose tissue (adipokine) | — | ● | — | — | — | — |
| VIPVasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) | 4 | Neurons; gut; muscle vasculature | — | — | ● | — | — | — |
| COCarbon Monoxide (CO) | 4 | Multi-tissue (HO-1 product) | — | — | — | — | ● | — |
| Cathepsin BCathepsin B (CTSB) | 4 | Skeletal muscle (myokine) | — | — | ● | — | — | — |
| GPLD1Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D1 (GPLD1) | 4 | Liver (hepatokine) | — | — | ● | — | — | — |
| FGF2Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) | 4 | Liver; muscle | — | — | — | — | — | ● |
| SePSelenoprotein P (SeP) | 4 | Liver (hepatokine) | — | — | — | — | — | ●t |
IL-6
Tier 1Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
IGF-1
Tier 1Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1)
VEGF
Tier 1Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
BHB
Tier 1β-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB)
NRG1
Tier 2Neuregulin 1 (NRG1)
GDNF
Tier 2Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF)
Follistatin
Tier 2Follistatin
Lac-Phe
Tier 2N-lactoyl-phenylalanine (Lac-Phe)
GDF15
Tier 2Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15)
BDNF
Tier 2Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
IC7Fc
Tier 2IC7Fc (IL-6/CNTF chimeric cytokine)
Lactate
Tier 2Lactate
Klotho
Tier 2Klotho
Irisin
Tier 3Irisin (FNDC5 cleavage product)
FSTL1
Tier 3Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1)
ELA
Tier 3ELABELA (ELA)
Fractalkine
Tier 3Fractalkine (CX3CL1)
Omentin
Tier 3Omentin
Apelin
Tier 3Apelin
Adiponectin
Tier 3Adiponectin
Decorin
Tier 3Decorin
KYNA
Tier 3Kynurenic Acid (KYNA)
Clusterin
Tier 3Clusterin (CLU; Apolipoprotein J)
HSP72
Tier 3Heat Shock Protein 72 (HSP72)
BAIBA
Tier 3β-Aminoisobutyric Acid (BAIBA)
Myonectin
Tier 4Myonectin (CTRP15)
Lubricin
Tier 4Lubricin (PRG4)
PF4
Tier 4Platelet Factor 4 (PF4; CXCL4)
TGF-β2
Tier 4Transforming Growth Factor-β2 (TGF-β2)
VIP
Tier 4Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
CO
Tier 4Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Cathepsin B
Tier 4Cathepsin B (CTSB)
GPLD1
Tier 4Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D1 (GPLD1)
FGF2
Tier 4Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2)
SeP
Tier 4Selenoprotein P (SeP)
No exerkines match these filters.